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Das Kniegelenk ist eines der größten und komplexesten Gelenke des Körpers. Das Knie ist ein scharnierartiges Gelenk zwischen Oberschenkelknochen und Schienbein. Breite Bänder, die an Oberschenkel und Schienbein befestigt sind, sorgen für Stabilität. Die langen Oberschenkelmuskeln geben dem Knie Kraft. Was ist eine Kniegelenkersatzoperation? Es ist der Ersatz des Kniegelenks, das abgenutzt ist und daher Schmerzen verursacht. Ein neues Kniegelenk wird aus Metallkomponenten hergestellt, indem die Unterseite des Oberschenkelknochens und die Oberseite des Schienbeins entfernt werden. Mit anderen Worten, das verschlissene Gelenk wird wie eine Krone auf einem kariösen Zahn ersetzt. Dank dieser Operation werden die Patienten in sehr kurzer Zeit die Schmerzen los, an denen sie seit Monaten oder sogar Jahren gelitten haben. Durch eine Operation kann auch der Bewegungsbereich des Knies erweitert werden. So können Patienten bequemer und schmerzfreier gehen. Es gibt zwei Arten von Kniegelenkoperationen: Teiloperation des Kniegelenks Bei der Teiloperation des Kniegelenks werden abgenutzte und ausgefranste Bereiche des Knies abgedeckt. Diese Operation wird normalerweise durchgeführt, wenn nur ein Teil des Knies erodiert wurde. Komplette Knieoperation Bei einem vollständigen Kniegelenkersatz werden verletzte oder beschädigte Teile des Knies durch künstliche Teile ersetzt. Ihr neues Knie besteht aus einem Metallstück am Ende Ihres Oberschenkelknochens, einem Abstandshalter aus Metall und Kunststoff am oberen Ende des Schienbeins und, falls erforderlich, einem Kunststoffknopf an der Kniescheibe. Bei Fragen wenden Sie sich bitte an Ihren Arzt oder Orthopäden. Operation und Erholungsphase Die Operation dauert in der Regel zwischen 1-2 Stunden und der Patient bleibt in der Regel 3-4 Tage im Krankenhaus. Die Operation wird durch einen 10-12 cm langen Einschnitt an der Vorderseite des Knies durchgeführt. Nähte können von selbst abfallen oder nicht resorbierbare Fäden werden in 2-3 Wochen entfernt. Die Patienten können sich unmittelbar nach der Operation aufsetzen. Sie können am Tag nach der Operation aufstehen. Am zweiten Tag gehen sie mit Krücken Treppen rauf und runter. Sie können in durchschnittlich 1 Woche mit einer einzigen Krücke gehen und am Ende der zweiten Woche können sie ohne Unterstützung ohne Probleme gehen. Sie sollten einfach Aktivitäten vermeiden, die übermäßige Anstrengung erfordern. Zum Beispiel; springen, schnell laufen usw.

Crooked legs, functional disorders caused by the inequality between the legs, and short stature are orthopedic problems that can be treated with the Ilizarov method today. Thanks to this method, which has been successfully applied in the Orthopedics and Traumatology Departments, the difference in length in the legs; Shortness compensation can be equated with shortening the long leg and lengthening the short leg. The Ilizarav method is also successfully applied in the treatment of soft tissue loss, curvatures and shortnesses that occur as a result of nonunion in bone fractures. What is the Ilizarov Method? It is a system that can give controlled movement to bone parts with the help of hinges and rods (rods), in which bones are fixed with thin wires and hoops. Surgical interventions can be applied to pediatric or adult patients with arm and leg inequalities that develop after congenital diseases, bone losses and traumas (such as premature closure of the growth cartilage). In this procedure, a low-energy fracture is created in the bone and is gradually lengthened (1 mm/day). In the extension zone, up to 80% of the original length of the bone can be elongated. In parallel with the developing implant technology in appropriate cases, alternative new techniques and technology to the ilizarov technique are also used. "Distraction osteogenesis", which is defined by Ilizarov, one of the revolutions of orthopedic science in the 20th century, that is, the technique of creating new bone by stretching the repair auxiliary tissue between the broken bone ends, and the lengthening, restructuring of bone cavities and nonunion treatment that emerged with this concept are the main solution methods used in orthopedic surgery today. With the tool called Ilizarov external fixator, acute shortening of the nonunion area and lengthening from the other area in the same bone are performed together with the applications of creating new bone by stretching the tissue that helps the repair. With the Ilizarov method, the union is performed without limiting the daily activities of the patient, the joint functions are preserved, and the length is restored by correcting the curvature. Thanks to this technique, other structural and functional disorders such as closure of bone cavities and infection that may cause disability in the patient are eliminated, and shortness is also compensated.

What Causes Knee Pain? Knee pain is a common complaint that affects people of all ages. It can be the result of trauma, such as a ligament tear, cartilage or meniscus injury. Or infections and diseases such as arthritis can also cause knee pain. Of these; ACL injury occurs after knee rotation in basketball, football, or other sports games that require sudden changes in direction. The menisci are two structures, an inner and an outer meniscus, that function as a shock absorber in the hard rubbery knee joint. They can be torn by sudden knee bends when there is weight on them. Patellar tendonitis is the inflammation of the tendon in front of the knee as a result of being forced in skiing, cycling and jumping sports activities. The iliotibial band syndrome occurs after the fascia tissue on the outside of the thigh bone is strained, especially in runners. Kneecap dislocation occurs when the kneecap is displaced outward from its socket due to anatomical problems. If there is hip or foot pain, the load distribution on the knee joint may change. This puts more stress on the knee joint. There are more than 100 different types of arthritis. The most common one is osteoarthritis (calcification disease). Cartilage has a wear and tear condition that occurs with age. Rheumatoid arthritis is a disease that affects almost every joint in the body, including the knee. Although rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic disease, its severity can vary and may progress with attacks. Gout arthritis is caused by the accumulation of uric acid crystals in the joint. Although gout most commonly affects the big toe, it can also occur in the knee. In septic arthritis, there is swelling, pain and redness in the knee joint due to infection, and there is usually body fever. Anterior knee pain may be associated with softening of the cartilage under the kneecap. Overweight and obese patients experience increased stress and strain on the knee joints during ordinary activities such as walking or climbing stairs. In addition, the risk of calcification in the knee increases by putting a load on the articular cartilage. Some imaging methods are used to diagnose knee pain. These are X-ray to detect bone fractures, anatomical disorders and calcification in the joint, computed tomography (CT) for detailed cross-sectional and 3D examinations, ultrasonography (USG) to examine the soft tissues around the knee with harmless sound waves, and muscle, tendons with the help of strong magnets. , magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to evaluate cartilage and bone marrow. In addition, laboratory blood tests for diseases such as infection, gout or arthritis, or tests of the fluid taken by entering the knee joint with a needle can be performed. Treatment will of course vary based on the results of these tests and imaging modalities. But in general, non-surgical methods such as oral pain and anti-inflammatory drugs, cold application, rest, sometimes knee braces, physical therapy, exercises to strengthen and balance the thigh muscles, direct injections of drugs into the joint, and in some cases surgical interventions. Long-acting single-dose injections containing glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate, which are the building blocks of cartilage, can be made into the joint, usually in painless and inflammation-free periods. This procedure can provide partial relief and relative improvement in joint movements. Cortisone injections into the joint can be performed for short-term relief in patients who are very advanced, cannot undergo surgery or do not want to. Among the surgical options are knee arthroscopy, angle corrective bone surgeries, half knee replacement and full knee replacement, which are very common. In arthroscopic surgery, a small incision is made into the joint with a telescopic high-resolution 4 mm diameter camera. Problems are detected on the big screen in the operating room and a second small incision is made, meniscus, cartilage and ligament surgeries are performed with the help of special instruments. You usually stay in the hospital for one night. He is then discharged. Rehabilitation begins according to the procedure. Angle corrective surgeries are corrective bone surgeries performed to equalize the loads on the knee when there are angular curvatures in the bones around the joint. Half knee prosthesis is performed on selected patients who are suitable for this surgery. The entire knee is not opened and some of the articular surfaces are replaced. Full knee prosthesis is applied in patients with impaired joint movements, pain at rest, limited walking distance due to knee pain, and patients who do not benefit from medical treatments. The joint is cut at appropriate angles, the damaged tissues are removed, and a specially designed knee prosthesis is placed in its place according to the titanium alloy joint. After the surgery, knee movements and walking exercises are started and the patient is discharged after a few days of hospitalization. After a detailed examination in knee pain, the diagnosis is determined with appropriate imaging methods, and surgical or non-surgical treatments are applied according to the patient's needs. Consult our Orthopedic Specialists

🤔What is Glutathione? Glutathione is a very powerful antioxidant that protects the body by destroying reactive oxygen molecules and free radicals. It is produced naturally in the whole body. 😎 It has a more intense effect on the liver and brain cells. 😬 With age, its amount decreases due to malnutrition, alcohol, drugs, radiation, stress, heavy metals, cosmetics and toxic substances. . It has importance in aging, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, dementia, fatty liver, diabetes, MS, reducing the harms of smoking, autism, inflammatory and rheumatic diseases, male infertility and many chronic/degenerative diseases. It consists of the amino acids cysteine, glycine and glutamine. 😎 The reason why glutathione is called "main antioxidant" is that it returns to work by renewing itself in the liver after it is filled by catching free radicals. . 😌 Free radicals are normal cell metabolic byproducts and toxic waste. When free radicals are not neutralized by anti-oxidants, they can lead to autoimmune diseases, chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, rheumatic and inflammatory diseases, premature aging, etc. 😎 👨‍⚕️Staying healthy, improving your performance, preventing diseases and protecting from the effects of aging, immune function and controlling chronic inflammation are all related to keeping glutathione levels high. It reduces muscle damage, increases muscle strength and endurance, and shifts metabolism from fat storage to muscle building.

🦋 Let's clarify a question that is asked very often by my patients and followers. 💊 What should I do if I forget to take thyroid medication? 💊 Normally, thyroid drugs are taken on an empty stomach and it is recommended to have breakfast at least 30 -45 minutes after taking the drug. 💊 If we forget to take a dose of medicine, we can take it 30 minutes before the next meal. In other words, if we forgot in the morning, 30 minutes before lunch; or if we forgot it at noon, we can take it 30 minutes before dinner. ⚡️Let's say we forgot to take thyroid medicine for 1 day or we went on a trip and forgot to take it with us...... ........ ❌ ❌❌❌ In such a case, let's not resort to a way to buy 2 the next day. Unfortunately, this is a common mistake🆘........... This point is very important because The effects of these drugs begin after 3-4 weeks, and since they accumulate in the thyroid tissue, their plasma half-lives are short, but their effects are long-lasting. ....... .....,,,, 🕖 Also, if a habit of "I'll take it tomorrow anyway" occurs when you forget, it may also cause a problem with the regular use of the drug in the long run... #thyroid#thyroid medication#hypothyroidism#hasimoto#hashmato

😊 Obesity has increased significantly as a result of the change in lifestyle and nutritional habits today, and diabetes, hypertension, cholesterol, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, sleep apnea, stroke, orthopedic diseases etc. It causes many diseases. ... ... 🧐 Licensed drugs used in obesity in our country People whose BMI is >30 kg/m2 but whose weight cannot be controlled with diet and exercise, and people whose BMI is 27-29.9 kg/m2 and who have concomitant diseases or diseases (diabetes, coronary artery disease, etc.) It can be given by the doctor, taking into account the diseases. ... ... ✍️ One of the drugs used in this regard in Turkey is Orlistat and there may be gastrointestinal side effects during its use. Patients who used it with exercise and diet lost significant weight. There may be a need for vitamin supplements during follow-up. The other drug used in Turkey is Liraglutide, which is administered as an injection, and the dose is increased under the control of a doctor, starting from 0.6 mg. Some of the patients who use it have complaints of nausea and vomiting, but the drug is generally well tolerated and there is no big problem. Weight loss was observed significantly in the studies and in the patients using it. ... ... 👨‍⚕️👩🏻‍⚕️ It is recommended that the use and follow-up of these drugs be done under the control of a doctor.

The presence of blood and blood cells in the urine visually or under the microscope is called "hematuria" or "bloody urine". This can be visible (gross) or on urinalysis (microscopic). In both cases it is important to identify the cause of the bleeding. The sight of blood in the urine is a cause for concern, and although the cause is harmless in most cases, blood in the urine (hematuria) can indicate a serious disorder. When urine is mixed with a very small amount of blood, it can be seen in colors ranging from pink to dark red depending on the amount of blood. Bleeding in the urine is usually painless, if blood clots in the urine are due to obstruction or accompanied by infection, pain may occur. Even microscopic hematuria may be present, even without symptoms, and may persist for years without the patient noticing. In case of blood in the urine, which is a symptom of many serious diseases, a doctor should be consulted. Some constipation remedies and drugs containing dyes such as azo, which dyes the urine red, and some foods (beet, strawberry, raspberry, blackberry, etc.) can dye the urine red without blood in the urine. Again, after heavy exercises (especially in long-distance runners), blood may be seen in the urine, and the urine returns to normal within a few days. Other risk factors for hematuria include age and certain inherited diseases. Causes of Hematuria The maximum number of blood cells (erythrocyte) seen in the urine when viewed under a microscope is around 1-2 in men and 3-4 in women. Bleeding in the urine can originate from any area from the kidneys to the urinary ducts (ureters), bladder, prostate, and the urinary tract (urethra) where urine is excreted from the external environment. Kidney and urinary tract stones, infections and cancers are the most common serious causes of bleeding in the urine. . 1-Kidney and Urinary tract infections: In the case of microbial infections of the kidneys and urinary tract (cystitis, pyelonephritis, urethritis, etc.), there may be bleeding in the urine, but the bleeding is usually accompanied by difficulty in urination, burning, painful and frequent urination. Apart from these, urgent need to urinate and bad-smelling urine can be seen. If the infection is in the kidney, it may be accompanied by fever and flank pain. In prostate infections, besides bleeding, urinary difficulty and the need to urinate frequently come to the fore. 2- Urinary tract stone disease: Kidney and urinary tract stones that do not obstruct the urinary tract can only show symptoms with bleeding in the urine, if it is obstructed, bleeding and severe colic pain accompany. If this is accompanied by an infection, the picture becomes more complex. 3-Prostate enlargement: In prostate enlargement, which is mostly seen in men over 40 years old, besides the main complaint of the patient, bleeding in the urine can be detected. It may come out and cause bleeding in the urine. 4- Kidney diseases: Hematuria can be observed in some medical diseases such as glomerulonephritis of non-microbial and filtration units of the kidney, these can be a symptom of kidney failure to the point of transplantation (kidney transplantation). In diseases called nephritis that occur in the filter system of the kidney, bleeding occurs in the urine. Again, blood in the urine can be seen as an additional finding in some systemic diseases such as diabetes (diabetes). 5-Urological Cancers: Urological cancers may be the most important and serious cause of visible or microscopic blood in the urine with clots or clots. One of the most important symptoms of prostate and other urological cancers, especially bladder and kidney cancer, is bleeding in the urine. In fact, men over the age of 40 who smoke, who have painless blood clots in the urine, are considered bladder cancer until proven otherwise. The common denominator accompanying bleeding is smoking. While continuous bleeding in the urine is observed in the first and long term in bladder cancer, it is more common in advanced stages of prostate and kidney cancer. 6-Other reasons: Inherited genetic diseases such as sickle cell anemia and Alport syndrome, kidney and urinary tract traumas, bleeding in the urine can be seen in some drugs. Anticancer drugs such as cyclophosphamide, radiotherapy, blood thinners and penicillin-type antibiotics can cause serious bleeding in the urine. DIAGNOSIS 1- History and physical examination are the first steps in the investigation of hematuria. 2-Simple urine test: Even if there is visible bleeding, a simple urine test is required to detect whether there is any additional finding. Again, urine taken in a transparent container should be visually examined. If there are signs and symptoms suggestive of infection, a urine culture is taken. 3-Basic routine blood analyzes should definitely be requested from the patient with hematuria. 4- Imaging tests: Ultrasonographic imaging, which is easily accessible and feasible at first, is the basic examination in patients with bleeding in the urine.

Prostate Cancer is a malignant-malignant tumor of the prostate gland that is seen in men over 40-45 years of age and its frequency increases significantly as age increases. Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men, and ranks fifth in cancer-related deaths worldwide. The lifetime risk of developing prostate cancer was 6%, and the rate of death from this disease was approximately 2.9%. In autopsy examinations performed on men who died outside of prostate cancer, the rate of microscopic prostate cancer was found to be 60-80%, especially in men aged 80 and over. It shows that the risk of prostate cancer increases with age. Roughly, only 1/5 of lifetime prostate cancers are diagnosed in men, and the remaining 4/5 die from a cause other than prostate cancer. Roughly 1/5 of those diagnosed and treated with prostate cancer die from prostate cancer. In other words, although it is so common, it is not such a lethal type of cancer. This information indicates that our patients should be divided into two groups as clinically significant or fatal prostate cancer and clinically insignificant or untreated prostate cancer. Improvements in diagnostic tools and increase in life expectancy increase the number of diagnosed prostate cancers. With the widespread use of PSA (prostate specific antigen), the number of patients diagnosed with prostate cancer has doubled, and the number of clinically insignificant and perhaps untreated prostate cancers is also increasing. In this percentage, screening using PSA blood test after a certain age leads to earlier and more prostate cancer diagnosis, negative side effects of treatment in some patients, deterioration in quality of life and additional surgery risk and some economic losses. Moreover, treatment methods are not standard for every patient, especially in prostate cancer confined to the prostate, treatment alternatives vary according to the patient's age, cancer stage and grade, sexual activity or not, and the socio-cultural and economic conditions of the patient. It seems more reasonable to screen people who are genetically at risk for prostate cancer. Definitive Risk Factors for prostate cancer: 1- Age: The risk of developing prostate cancer increases with age. The average age at diagnosis of prostate cancer is 69 years. Prostate cancer is rare under the age of 40 (1/10 000), the risk of prostate cancer is 1/103 in the 40-59 age group and 1/8 in the 60-79 age group. This shows us that age is the most important risk factor. 2-Familial and genetic predisposition: Prostate cancer seen in a member of the family, risk of being seen in other male family members is 4-6 times higher than normal people. This rate was found to be 5 times higher if the individual with the disease was diagnosed at the age of 60, and 7 times higher in other family members if this diagnosis was made at the age of 50. Accordingly, the second most important risk for prostate cancer is the presence of a patient with prostate cancer in his family. This risk increases as the number of prostate cancer patients in the family increases. In addition, if there is a family history of prostate cancer, the risk of breast cancer has also increased in women. 9% of all prostate cancers and 45% of prostate cancers under the age of 55 are genetic, and the prognosis of prostate cancers with this genetic feature is worse. 3-Race: Prostate cancer is seen 3-4 times more frequently in black race than yellow (far eastern) and white race, and it progresses worse than other races. Death rates due to prostate cancer were found to be higher in black races. The average serum androgen (male hormone) ratios were found to be approximately 20% higher in the black race than in the other races, although this is important in showing us a relationship between plantation hormone and prostate cancer, this relationship has not been proven. Although anti-androgens are used as the main treatment, the role of androgens in prostate cancer has been counted among possible risk factors. 4-Nutrition: Western-type fatty, fiber-free, plant-based diet, and obesity are among the possible risk factors for prostate cancer. Because the incidence of prostate cancer in the Far East is much less common than in the American population, while this rate is close to the current rates in the United States among immigrants from the Far East. This shows how important nutrition is in the risk of developing clinical prostate cancer. Fish consumption has been shown to reduce prostate cancer. Obesity has also been shown to adversely affect the course of prostate cancer. Intake of lycopene, selenium, omega-3 fatty acids (fish) and vitamin E reduces the risk, while calcium and excessive vitamin D intake increases the risk.

As with most cancers, the exact cause of kidney cancer is unknown. Except for some unavoidable conditions such as genetic factors; Many things can be done to reduce the risk of developing kidney cancer. Of these; 1-Smoking is responsible for the majority of kidney cancers, so quitting smoking can reduce the risk of kidney cancer. 2-The fight against obesity can reduce the risk of kidney cancer. For this reason, maintaining a healthy weight by doing sports and exercising and choosing a diet high in fruits and vegetables can also reduce your chance of getting this disease. 3-High blood pressure is also a risk factor for renal cell cancer. Again, keeping blood pressure under control, eating healthy and maintaining an ideal weight are among the preventive measures against kidney cancer. 4-Preventing exposure to harmful volatile gases and solvents (such as trichloroethylene) in the workplace can reduce the risk of kidney cancer. Frequently Asked Questions About Kidney Cancer 1-What is kidney cancer? Kidney cancer is a malignant cell growth within the kidney. Its medical name is renal cell cancer. The tumor in the kidney can also be benign. There are different types of tumors and different stages of the disease in the kidney. If the tumor is confined to the kidney and has not spread, it is called localized kidney cancer. In locally advanced kidney cancer, the tumor has grown into the tissue surrounding the kidney, extending into the veins, adrenal gland, and lymph nodes. If it has spread to distant lymph nodes or other organs, metastatic disease is mentioned. Men have a higher risk of kidney cancer than women. Kidney cancer is most common between the ages of 60 and 70. 2-What are the symptoms of kidney cancer? Most kidney cancer patients are symptom-free, that is, there are no specific symptoms that indicate the disease. Most kidney cancers are found during routine ultrasound or similar imaging procedures for back pain-like symptoms. As the tumor grows, you may feel constant pain on the affected side. You may feel a mass on the side of your body between your hip and ribs, or you may see blood in your urine. Other symptoms you may experience: ● High Blood Pressure ● Fever and night sweats ● Anorexia ● Weight loss ● anemia 3-What tests are used to diagnose kidney cancer? Diagnosis begins with a personal history, including a CV and family history. There are different types of kidney cancer and some tests are done to detect it. Ultrasonography, Tomography and MRI scan will show the size of the tumor, involvement of local veins and lymph nodes, and whether it has spread to surrounding organs. This is also important in determining future treatment. A physical examination, blood and urine tests may also be done. 4-How is a kidney tumor classified? Kidney tumors are classified according to their stage, subtype, and degree of aggression of tumor cells. The treatment you receive will be determined by these three factors. Tumor stage indicates how far the tumor has progressed and whether it has metastasized to distant lymph nodes or other organs. Renal tumor staging is based on the Tumor Node Metastasis (TNM) classification. It looks at the size and spread (T) of the tumor and determines how far it has progressed in 4 stages. It is checked whether the lymph node is involved (N) or whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body (M). There are different subtypes of kidney tumors. Renal cell cancers constitute the majority of kidney cancers (approximately 80-85%). The most common subtype of these is clear cell renal cell carcinoma (80%), with 10% papillary renal cell carcinoma, 5% chromophobic renal carcinoma. cell carcinoma. The remaining 5% constitute collecting duct renal cell carcinoma and uncommon and familial variants. - Evaluate how aggressive the tumor cells are. The Pathologist grades the tumor from 1 to 4, from best to worst.

SYMPTOMS Headache (97%) Stimulant (30-60%) Vomiting neck pain blurred vision double vision unconsciousness RESULTS Unconsciousness (Stuppor-Coma) nuchal rigidity Cranial nerve palsies Ocular hemorrhages

CHILDHOOD HEAD TRAUMA Childhood head injuries do not differ from adults in many respects. The physician who encounters a child who has had a head injury should not be influenced by the two opposing views that come up from time to time, that children are small adults or, on the contrary, completely different creatures, and should find a common way. In newborns, the head is larger than the body. Therefore, not only polytraumas but also small blood losses such as epidurals can cause shock. Distortion, venous epidural hematoma, enlarging fractures, ping-pong fractures, intracranial hyperemia, ischemia and swelling in the medulla spinalis and medulla oblongata, extra and intracranial hemorrhages due to vacuum delivery are common in this age group. In infants, the head is larger than the body and the risk of easy shock continues. It is known that providing normal haemostasis during the transfer from the moment of trauma to the center, especially in severe head trauma, prevents secondary damage. It is also important that the first responder performs a modified GCS assessment. External lesions are determined by palpating the scalp in FM. It should be kept in mind that even subgaleal hematomas can cause serious blood loss in young children. It is difficult to assess GCS in children younger than 7-8 years, and therefore some modified systems have been developed. Hospitalization criteria Significant loss of consciousness, pedestal fractures Severe and persistent headache Persistent vomiting or seizure Suspicion of child abuse prolonged posttraumatic amnesia Abnormal CT findings penetrating injury Rhinorrhea or otorrhea Lack of IT provision Difficulty returning the patient from home or lack of adequate care and supervision at home skull fractures Skull fractures are more common, especially in young children, probably due to insufficient ossification. The most useful method for diagnosis is direct radiographs. However, although CT can miss linear fractures (especially parallel to axial sections) from time to time, it gives sufficient information about brain parchymal damage. Linear fractures It forms 2/3 of the fractures. It usually heals spontaneously within 1 month and does not require any special treatment. However, it should be known that there is a serious trauma and even in children with normal neurological examination, the detection of a fracture increases the probability of intracranial hemorrhage a hundredfold. Subgaleal or subperiosteal (cephalic) hematoma can be seen in 70%. Compression fractures It constitutes 25% of fractures and is usually caused by falls or focal blows, so loss of consciousness is not uncommon. On the other hand, fractures with normal parenchyma, called ping-pong, are common in YD, mostly due to falls. Although compression fractures have been claimed to cause late epilepsy, they are now accepted as the result of existing brain damage. Surgical indications 1-A tabula or deeper than 1 cm 2- Causing serious brain pressure 3-Creating an aesthetic defect 4-CSF and parenchyma fistula

What is Hifu? Hifu is non-invasive and advanced non-surgical recovery technology; Hifu does not use light like other lasers, it is a method that works with focused sound waves. In the non-surgical face and body lifting process with Doublo, sound waves are used to trigger collagen production in the lower layers of the skin, tightening and lifting the skin in a single session. What are the indications? - Natural face lift - Patented in eyebrow lifting - Reducing forehead wrinkles - Tickle and neck recovery - Wrinkle treatment - dangling sleeves - Outer leg and inner leg drops - Abdominal laxity - Decreased nasolabial line depth - Cheek recovery - Determines the line in the face oval Who receives doublo therapy? As a person ages, the skin and skin tissues also age. Many functions of the skin decrease together with fibroblast and collagen in the skin. In this process, the skin loses its elasticity and loses volume. However, today's conditions are now producing solutions without waiting for aging and the latest technology is used. Therefore, it can be applied to all ages, provided that the correct treatment is diagnosed without any age limit. In which areas is skin rejuvenation and stretching applied with Doublo? In patients with loss of facial ovality, deterioration in the jawline and sagging, cheeks, neck to correct sagging in the jowl area, eyebrow-forehead area to raise eyebrows, around the eyes to reduce wrinkles in the extraocular and lower part, and sagging in the arms. It is indicated for reductions in the inner leg - outer leg area and for the recovery of loose tissue in the abdomen. How long does the application take? Skin stretching time with ultrasound is 30-75 minutes depending on the application area. varies between Skin stretching with Doublo is a one-session application. If the person wants to have it done again, it can be repeated within 6 months at the earliest and 2 years at the latest. Is skin rejuvenation with Doublo a safe method? Ultrasound energy has been used safely in medicine for more than 50 years. Doublo therapy is the only system that has been applied to over a thousand clinical cases in Turkey. Is the application painful? During the application, patients generally describe the pain they feel as 'hot needle prick' or mild heat sensitivity. Since it is a focused ultrasound technique, there is no need for anesthesia since no pain is felt in the upper tissue. In fact, it is a safe treatment method that the person can return to his daily life as it will not affect his social life. Burns, blemishes, etc. on the skin. does not cause serious side effects. When do the results of skin rejuvenation with Doublo appear? An acute improvement can be observed immediately after the application. The effect becomes more pronounced every day. If we consider the wound healing mechanism, the maximum effect occurs at the end of three months. Because Doublo hifu focused high-frequency ultrasound stimulates collagen production, the results are long-lasting. What is ultrasound? Humans can hear sound waves in the 16-20 kHz range. Sound waves of 20 kHz and above are high frequency ultrasound. The generated ultrasound energy transforms into thermal energy at the maximum focusing point and focuses on the desired tissue depth, namely the smas fascia layer, without damaging the upper layer of the skin, and creates a thermal coagulative area on it. This temperature under the skin is 60-70 centigrade degrees on average and creates small heat damages that increase collagen production in the connective tissue. How to apply skin rejuvenation with Doublo? With Doublo, it reaches high-frequency ultrasound waves focused 1.5 mm - 3 mm - 4.5 mm - 13 mm below the skin in the targeted application areas with the face, neck and body caps, and creates small heat damages that increase collagen production. During the procedure, the skin surface is not affected by the application. Without the need for surgery. painless, sagging skin and tissues are recovered thanks to the triggering of new collagen, wrinkles are reduced. It can be applied safely in every color and every skin type without side effects such as burning and pigmentation. In which areas is skin rejuvenation and stretching applied with Doublo? In patients with loss of facial ovality, distortion and sagging in the jawline, cheeks, neck to correct sagging in the jowl area, eyebrow-forehead area to raise eyebrows, around the eyes to reduce wrinkles outside and under the eye, and sagging of the arms. It is indicated for reductions in the inner leg - outer leg area and for the recovery of loose tissue in the abdomen.